Scientific Reasoning and Theory
August 29, 2011

Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

  • Determine the epistemological stances presented in research reports and other academic venues like the courses you take
  • Assess the implications of epistemological stance for attributes like validity and explanatory power
  • Use your assessment to decide how much you want to rely on the conclusions or recommendations that flow from a specific study
  • Compare how researchers and other professionals use theory in their work
  • Decide how you want to use theory in your research and practice

Assigned Readings

Read these in the order listed.

Tebes, J.K. (2005). Community science, philosophy of science, and the practice of research. American Journal of Community Psychology 35(3-4), 213-230. e-reserve

Anfara, V.A., Jr. & Mertz, N.T. (2006) Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Introduction, p. xiii-xxxii. e-reserve

Reed, B.G. (2005). Theorizing in community practice: Essential tools for building community, promoting social justice, and implementing social change. In M. Weil (ed.), The Handbook of Community Practice, pp. 84-102, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. e-reserve

Dixon, J. & Banwell, C. (2009). Theory driven research designs for explaining behavioral health risk transitions. The case of smoking. Social Science & Medicine 68(12), 2206-2214. Bring a copy to class. I want you to be familiar with the content of this article, not study it in detail. DO read the article or you will have trouble participating in the class activities. This article, especially pages 2206-2208, is a good model for what you need to do for Assignment 1. e-reserve

Recommended Readings & Other Resources for Class

Shoemaker et al., Ch. 9

Learning Guide to Scientific Reasoning,Theory & Epistemology

Epistemology & Research Bring this to class with you. We will go use it in class.

The Research-Practice-Research Cycle Bring this to class with you. We will use it in class.

Bring a copy of Assignment 1 to class.

Assignment 1 -- START NOW. This assignment is critical and you need time to complete it.

Review Assignment 1 before class and bring a copy to class with you. I strongly encourage you to read Guide to Assignments before you try to complete Assignment 1. For those of you who are unfamiliar with the basic social theories, I have provided two references that give a good overview of the contributions of the early theorists that form the foundation for most contemporary theories of social processes and structures. They are available through e-reserve.

Allan, K. (2007). The challenges of gender and race. In K. Allan, The Social Lens, pp. 137-165, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Hurst, C.E. (2000). The contemporary relevance of old theories. In C.E. Hurst, pp. 21-40, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.

Published Academic Literature about the Role of Theory & Espistemology in Research

These are examples of the kinds of materials that you can consult, use and cite to meet the requirement for "using, citing and referencing" the research design literature in this class.

Caputo, R.K. (2007). Social theory and its relation to social problems: An essay about theory and research with social justice in mind. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 34(1), 43-61.

Dustin, D. & Montgomery, M.R. (2010). The use of social theory in reflecting on anti-oppressive practice with final year BSc social work students. Social Work Education 29(4), 386-401.

Evans, J. & Davies, B. (2011). New directions, new questions? Social theory, education and embodiment. Sport, Education & Society 16(3), 263-278.

Fisher, A.T., Sonn, C.C. & Evans, S.D. (2007) The place and function of power in community psychology: Philosophical and practical issues. Journao of Community & Applied Social Psychology 17(4), 258-267.

Haig, B.D. (2008) An abductive perspective on theory construction. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing 12(1), 7-10.

Haslum, M.N. (2007) What kind of evidence do we need for evaluating therapeutic interventions? Dyslexia 13(4), 234-239.

Heritage, J. (2011). A Galilean moment in social theory? Language, culture and their emergent properties. Qualitative Sociology 34(1), 263-270.

Jacobson, N., Gewurtz, R. & Haydon, E. (2007) Ethical reviews of itnerpretive research: Problems and solutions. IRB: Ethics & Human Research 29(5), 1-8.

Johnson, C.W. (2008) "Don't call him a cowboy": Masculinity, cowboy drag and a costume change. Journal of Leisure Research 40(3), 385-403.

Lu, L. (2008) The individual-oriented and social-oriented Chinese bicultural self: testing the theory. The Journal of Social Psychology 148(3), 347-373.

Ma, A. & Norwich, B. (2007) Triangulation and theoretical understanding. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 10 (3), 211-226.

Mahootian, F. & Eastman, T.E. (2009). Complementary frameworks of scientific inquiry: Hypothetico-deductive, hypothetico-inductive and observational-inductive. World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 65(1), 61-75.

Michaelian, K. (2008) Privileged Standpoints/Reliable Processes. Hypatia 23(1), 65-98.

Mills, J., Chapman, Y., Bonner, A. & Francis, K. (2007) Grounded theory: a methodological spiral from positivism to postmodernism. Journal of Advanced Nursing 58(1), 72-79.

Patterson, D.A. & Keefe, R.H. (2008) Using social construction theory as a foundation for macro-level interventions in communities impacted by HIV and addictions. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 35(2), 111-126.

Thagard, P. (2006) How to collaborate: Procedural knowledge in the cooperative development of science. Southern Journal of Philosophy 44(S), 177-196.

Tullberg, J. (2011). Comparatism -- a constructive approach in the philosophy of science. Journal of Socio-Economics 40(4), 444-453.

Wray, K.B. (2007). Who has scientific knowledge? Social Spistemology 21(3), 337-347.

York, R. & Clark, B. (2010). Critical materialism: Science, technology and environmental sustainability. Sociological Inquiry 80(3), 475-499.

Research Reports

These are examples of reports of original research with well developed theoretical foundations. Look at these to get a better understanding of how theory is used in research, how to identify the theoretical perspective in a research report, and what constitutes theory-based research. 

Charles, N. & Davies, C.A. (1997) Contested communities: the refuge movement and cultural identities in Wales. The Sociological Review 45(3), 416-436.

Gould, R.G. (1993) Collective action and network structure. American Sociological Review 58, 182-196.

Heong, K.L., Escalada, M.M., Sengsoulivong, V. & Schiller, J. (2002) Insect management beliefs and practices of rice farmers in Laos. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 92, 137-145.

Lee, M.R. & Bartkowski, J.P. (2004) Love thy neighbor? Moral communities, civic engagement, and juvenile homocide in rural areas. Social Forces 82(3), 1001-1035.

Zekeri, A.A. (1997) Community action in Alabama's Black Belt timber-dependent communities. Social Indicators Research 39, 203-228.

Schmitt, M.T., Branscombe, N.R. & Kappen, D.M. (2003) Attitudes toward group-based inequality: social dominance or social identity? British Journal of Social Psychology 42, 161-186.

Sharp, J.S. (2001) Locating the community field: a study of interorganizational network structure and capacity for community action. Rural Sociology 66(3), 403-424.

Examples of reports of original research with poorly developed theory

Arber, S. (2003) Gender, marital status, and ageing: linking material, health and social resources. Journal of Aging Studies 18, 91-108.

Chettri, G.B.; Ghimiray, M. and Floyd, C.N. (2003). Effects of Farmyard Manure, Fertilizers and Green Manuring in Rice-Wheat Systems in Bhutan: Results from a Long-Term Experiment. Experimental Agriculture 39: 129-144.

Connell, D.J. & Wall, E. (2004) Profiling economic capacity. Journal of Extension 42(4), 13-26.

Ritchie, D., Parry, O., Gnich, W. & Platt, S. (2004) Issues of participation, ownership and empowerment in a community development programme: tackling smoking in a low-income area in Scotland. Health Promotion International 19(1), 51-59.

Salahuddin, A., Baldersheim, H & Jamil, I. (2003) Talking back! Empowerment and mobile phones in rural Bangladesh: A study of the Village Phone System of Grameen Bank. Contemporary South Asia 12(3), 327-348.

Smith, B. (2003) The impact of community development corporations on neighborhood housing markets. Urban Affairs Review, 39(2), 181-204.

Tubb, K.N. (2003) An evaluation of the effectiveness of interpretation within Dartmoor National Park in reaching the goals of sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(6), 476-498.

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