Objectives: After completing t his class, you will be able to:

• Identify a wide variety of sources of archival and secondary data you can use in your research, practice and evaluation
• Assess the potential problems with the use of archival and secondary data
• Employ a variety of techniques in the analysis of secondary and archival data, including both qualitative and quantitative techniques
• Identify and use contrasting techniques of data analysis to improve your ability to assess convergent and divergent validity (triangulation, or multiple measurement of key constructs) when using secondary and archival data

Assigned Readings

Bryman, Ch. 12 read with some care please. Ch. 13 -- browse to be aware of the use of secondary analtysis (like metanalysis of previously collected data) and official statistics (what you can and cannot do with them). Ch. 21 read the sections on analysis with some care, browse the wide variety of documentation that is available.

Oleinik, A. (2011) Mixing quantitative and qualitative content analysis: Triangulation at work. Quality & Quantity 45(4), 859-873.

Form teams of three people (your choice). Pick any ONE of the following to read. Focus on the methods and analysis, not the topic. Be prepared to explain to the class what you learned about using archival data and about data analysis techniques. 5 minute limit on the explanation! Key points please.

Alvarez, R. & Steinibach, H.S. (2009) A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability, and crop yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil & Tillage Research 104(1), 1-15.

Brummans, B.H.J.M., Putman, L.L., Gray, B., Hanke, R. et al. (2008) Making sense of intractable multiparty conflict: A study of framing in four environmental disputes. Communication Monographs 75(1), 25-51.

Clifasefi, S.L., Collins, S.E., Tanzer, K., Burlingham, B. et al. (2011) Agreement between self-report and archival public service utiization data among chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems. Journal of Community Psychology 39(6), 631-644.

Durante, F., Volpato, C. & Fiske, S.T. (2010). Using the stereotype content model to examine group depictions in Fascism: An archival approach. European Journal of Social Psychology 40(3), 465-483.

Elo, S. & Kyngas, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62(1), 107-115.

Greer, C.F. & Ferguson, D.A. (2011) Using Twitter for promotino and branding: A content analysis of local television Twitter sitse. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 55(2), 198-214.

Gross, K.S. & McDermott, P.A. (2008) Use of city-archival data to inform dimensional structure of neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Health 86(2), 161-182.

Lucko, G. & Mitchell, Z.W. (2010). Quantitative research: Preparation of incongruous economic data sets for archival data analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering & Management 136(1), 49-57. The problems with archival data use described in this article are universal -- focus on the problems they faced, not the specific research application.

Manganello, J.A., Henderson, V.R., Jordan, A., Trentacoste, N. et al. (2010) Adolescent judgment of sexual context on television: Implications for future content analysis research. Journal of Sex Resaerch 47(4), 364-373.

Martin, L.R. & Friedman, H.S. (2000). Comparing personality scales across time: An illustrative study of validity and consistency in life-span archival data. Journal of Personality 68(1), 85-110.

Barak, M.E.M., Nissly, J.A. & Levin, A. (2001) Antecedents to retention and turnover among child welfare, social work and other human service employees: What can we learn from past research? A review and metanalysis. Social Service Review 75(4), 625-662.

Nygaard, P., Bright, K., Saltz, R. & McGaffigan, R. (2007). Archival data: Collection and use in community alcohol projects. Substance Use & Misuse 42(12/13), 1945-1953.

Roosa, M.W., White, R.M.B., Zeiders, K.H. & Tein, J. (2009). An examination of the role of perceptions in neighborhood research. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(3), 327-341.

Singh, A.A. & Shelton, K. (2011) A content analysis of LGBTQ qualitative research in counseling: A ten-year review. Journal of Counseling & Development 89(2), 217-226.

Other references that you may need -- but NOT required reading

Content Analysis is one common way of examining archival data. Here are some references about how to conduct content analysis.

Neuendorf, Kimberly A. This is an easy to understand flowchart for the process of content analysis research available at http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/resources/flowc.htm

http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/index.htm -- A good overview of content analysis, but basic.

Emmison, M. & Smith, P. (2000). Researching the visual. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Pp. 21-56 (Current trends in visual research: a conceptual review). e-reserve Important reference for how to use visuals (photos, etc.) as research documents. Take a look at it, but you probably do not need to read in detail.

Additional Resources

Brainerd, E. (2010). Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union: An analysis using archival and anthropometric data. The Journal of Economic Hisotry 70(1), 83-117.

Elliott, J. (2005). Using narrative in social research. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Pp. 36-59 (Interpreting people's stories: narrative approaches to the analysis of qualitative data). Get from Dr. Swisher.

Emmison, M. (2004) The conceptualization and analysis of visual data. In Qualitative Research, Second Edition, D. Silverman (ed.). Sage, Chicago, p. 246-265. Get from Dr. Swisher

Greer, J.D., Hardin, M. & Homan, C. (2009). "Naturally" less exciting? Visual production of men's and women's track and field coverage during the 2004 Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53(2), 173-189.

Guavain, M., Huard & Huard, R.D. (1999). Family interaction, parenting style and the development of planning: A longitudinal analysis using archival data. Journal of Family Psychology 13(1), 75-92.

Heritage, J. (2004) Conversation analysis and institutional talk: analysing data. In Qualitative Research, Second Edition, D. Silverman (ed.). Sage, Chicago, p. 222-245.

Hollerbach, K.L. (2009). The impact of market segmentation on African American frequency, centrality and status in television advertising. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53(4), 599-614.

Kain, E.M., Mondello, M. & Vincent, J. (2009). ESPN -- The women's sports network? A content analysis of internet coverage of March Madness. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53(3), 477-495.

Keeling, A.W. (2009). "When the city is a great field hospital": The influenza pandemic of 1918 and the New York City nursing response. Journal of Clinical Nursing 18(19), 2732-2738.

Krippendorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 409 pp.

Mills, J.W., Curtis, A., Kennedy, B., Kennedy, S.W. & Edwards, J.D. (2010). Geospatial video for field data collection. Applied Geography 30(4), 533-547.

Morris, M.H. (2008 ) When it works and where it fails: Spatial, temporal, and budgetary constraints to civic environmentalism. Social Science Quarterly 89(5), 1252-1276.

Potter, J. (2004) Discourse analysis as a way of analysing naturally occurring talk. In Qualitative Research, Second Edition, D. Silverman (ed.). Sage, Chicago, p. 200-221.

Schinke, R.J., Gauthier, A.P., Dubuc, N.G. & Crowder, T. (2007). Understanding athlete adaptation in the National Hockey League through an archival data source. Sport Psychologist 21(3), 277-287.

Wheatcroft, W.G. (1999). Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Policy: The comparability and reliability of archival data -- not the last word. Europe-Asia Studies, 15(2), 315-346.

Yu, C. (2009). A content analysis of news coverage of Asian female Olympic athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 44(2/3), 283-305.

Studies Using Archival Data

Collins-Kreiner, N. (1997) Cartographic characteristics of current Christian pilgrimage maps of the Holy Land. Cartographica 34(4), 45-54.

Gerstenfeld, P.B., Grant, D.R. & Chiang, C. (2003) Hate online: a content analysis of extremist internet sites. Analyses of Social Issues & Public Policy 3(1), 29-44.

Greenbert, B.S. & Woods, M.G. (1999) The soaps: their sex, gratifications and outcomes. The Journal of Sex Research 36(3), 250-257.

Gruenewald, P.J. & Johnson, F.W. (2010). Drinking, driving and crashing: A traffic-flow model of alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 71(2), 237-248.

Hopkins, N. & Kahani-Hopkins, V. (2004) The antecedents of identification: a rhetorical analysis of British Muslim activists' constructions of community and identity. British Journal of Social Psychology 434(1), 41-57.

Janssen, A. & Murachver, T. (2004) The role of gender in New Zealand literature: comparisons across periods and styles of writing. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23(2), 180-203.

Jepson, W., Brannstrom, C. & Filippi, A. (2010). Access regimes and regional land change in the Brazilian Cerrado, 1972-2002. Annals of the Associatin of American Geographers 100(1), 87-111.

Kunkel, D., Copoe, K.M. & Biely, E. (1999) Sexual messages on television: comparing findings from three studies. The Journal of Sex Research 36(3), 230-236.

Lazinger, S. & Handzel, R. (2003) Offering distance education in health informatics: the state of the web sites. Information Services & Use 23, 19-34.

McCullick, B., Belcher, D., Hardin, B. & Hardin, M. (2003) Butches, bullies and buffoons: images of physical education teachers in the movies. Sport, Education & Society 8(1), 3-16.

Monk-Turner, E., Ciba, P., Cunningham, M. et al. (2004) A content analysis of violence in American war movies. Analyses of Social Issues & Public Policy 4(1), 1-11.

Scharrer, E. (2004) Virtual violence: gender and aggression in video game advertisements. Mass Communication & Society 7(4), 393-412.

Senici, D., chen, H.Y.H., Bergeron, Y. & Cyr, D. (2010). Spatiotemporal variations of fire frequency in central foreal forest. Ecosystems, 13(8), 1227-1238.

Smith, E.S., Offen, N. & Malone, R.E. (2005) What makes an ad a cigarette ad? Commercial tobacco imagery in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual press. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59, 1086-1091.

Swiercz, P.M. & Ross, K.T. (2003) Rational, human, political and symbolic text in Harvard Business School cases: a study of structure and content. Journal of Management Education 27(4), 407-430.

Wood, B.D., Owens, C.T. & Durham, B.M. (2005) Presidential rhetoric and the economy. Journal of Politics 67(3), 627-645.

Zeldes, G.A. & Fico, F. (2005) Race and gender: an analysis of sources and reporters in the networks' coverage of the 2000 presidential campaign. Mass Communication & Society 8(4), 373-385.

Zwazrun, L. & Farrar, K.M. (2005) Doing what they say, saying what they mean: self-regulatory compliance and depictions of drinking in alcohol commercials in televised sports. Mass Communication & Society 8(4), 347-371.